Unit 12 · Phase 1

Budget Battles

When the numbers don't add up

Video call, 9 PM. Ren is at his apartment desk, takeout containers pushed aside. Saki's background is her office — still at Kurosawa Digital. Director Kudo joins from what appears to be a restaurant, his camera angled upward.

Director Kudo (工藤) "I've reviewed the cost estimate. The board expects this project to come in under ¥45M. The number you're showing me is ¥51M. I trust the team to find efficiencies."

→ Director Kudo is applying stakeholder pressure without specifying where to cut — a common pattern that forces PMs to absorb the gap between ambition and reality.

Ren (蓮) "Director Kudo, the ¥51M includes the contingency reserve for the vendor pricing risk we flagged. If we strip that out, we're betting nothing goes wrong."

Saki (咲希) "The cost baseline needs to reflect realistic spending. If we approve an artificially low number, every status report will show a cost variance (the difference between what we've earned and what we've actually spent). We'd be measuring failure by design."

Cost management depends on honest baselines. A cost baseline set below actual needs doesn't save money — it just makes every report look like a crisis.

Director Kudo (工藤) "Let's be strategic about this. Show me what the project has delivered versus what it's spent. Not projections — actuals."

Ren (蓮) "Okay, so our planned value (the authorized budget for work we should have finished by now) is ¥6.2M. Our actual cost (what we've really spent) is ¥6.8M. And the earned value (the value of work actually completed) is about ¥5.9M."

→ These three values — planned value, actual cost, and earned value — are the foundation of cost performance measurement. Together they reveal whether a project is on budget, over budget, or behind in delivering value.

Saki (咲希) "So we're spending more than planned and delivering less than planned. The cost variance is negative. That's the honest picture."

Director Kudo (工藤) "Fix the trend. I'll give you until the Phase 1 review to show improvement. But the ¥48M ceiling holds."

Ren (蓮) "Understood. We'll tighten the schedule to pull some earned value forward and reassess the vendor contracts."

Director Kudo dropped off the call. An awkward silence. Then Saki's email arrived: a spreadsheet breaking down where ¥3M could be saved without touching contingency. Subject line: "Options — for your review." She signed off: "Good night, Ren." Not "Regards, Sakurai." He read it three times.

Cost Variance
Definition The difference between earned value and actual cost.
Components Formula: CV = EV − AC; positive = under budget; negative = over budget; used for trend analysis.
Related earned value, actual cost, budget
Example The XR project's CV is ¥5.9M − ¥6.8M = −¥0.9M — they've overspent relative to the value they've delivered.
Earned Value
Definition The value of work actually completed.
Components Measured against cost baseline; reflects progress, not spending; basis for performance indices.
Related planned value, actual cost, cost variance
Example Although ¥6.8M was spent, only ¥5.9M worth of work was completed — earned value reveals the project is behind on delivery, not just over on cost.
Planned Value
Definition The authorized budget assigned to scheduled work.
Components Time-phased from cost baseline; cumulative over time; represents what should be done by a given date.
Related earned value, cost baseline, schedule
Example By end of Month 1, ¥6.2M of work was planned — that's the yardstick against which earned value is compared.
Actual Cost
Definition The realized cost for work performed during a specific time period.
Components All direct and indirect costs incurred; includes labor, materials, overhead; no ceiling — it's what was actually spent.
Related earned value, cost variance, budget
Example The ¥6.8M actual cost includes developer salaries, vendor deposits, and equipment — ¥600K more than planned, partly from the vendor pricing volatility.
Review Corner
1 The Allocation Bind

Ren (蓮) "If we move the junior developer to the content pipeline, she'll finish in three weeks. But that leaves Tetsu alone on the rendering engine — and he's already on the critical path."

Saki (咲希) "Then the question isn't 'can she do it.' It's 'what breaks if Tetsu has zero float?'"

→ Schedule management & critical path (Unit 9): Moving resources away from critical-path activities eliminates float and increases project risk.

2 Estimation Revisited

Saki (咲希) "Your cost estimate for the API integration is a single number. No range, no assumptions documented. How confident are you?"

Ren (蓮) "Honestly? It's a gut feel. I should have used three-point estimation like Hina suggested for the rendering engine."

→ Resource planning & estimation (Unit 10): Single-point estimates hide uncertainty. Range-based estimates force the team to think about best, likely, and worst cases.

3 The Budget Shield

Ren (蓮) "Director Kudo wants to cut the contingency reserve to hit his number. But that's the only buffer between us and the vendor risk we identified."

→ Cost management (Unit 11): Contingency reserves exist for identified risks. Cutting them doesn't remove the risk — it removes the safety net.

Project Doki Doki Phase 1 · Unit 12 / 100
Show Me the Numbers The Flow Problem